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Thursday, January 12, 2012
Wednesday, January 11, 2012
New Iran site enriching uranium
9 January 2012
Last updated at 18:24 ET
Iran has begun enriching uranium at a heavily fortified underground site, the UN's nuclear watchdog has confirmed.
The International Atomic Energy Agency said medium-level enrichment had begun at the Fordo plant, in northern Iran.
Tehran has said it plans to carry out uranium enrichment there for purely peaceful purposes. The West argues Iran is building a nuclear weapons capacity.
The US said the Fordo work was a "further escalation" in the row. The UK and France also condemned the project.
The existence of the facility near Qom, in the north of the country, only came to light after it was identified by Western intelligence agencies in September 2009.
Continue reading the main story?Start Quote
End Quote Gill Tudor IAEA spkeswomanAll nuclear material in the (Fordo) facility remains under the agency's containment and surveillance?
Tehran said it began the project in 2007, but the IAEA believes design work started in 2006.
BBC Iran correspondent James Reynolds says the facility has attracted plenty of attention and suspicion.
It is underground, heavily fortified and protected by the armed forces - making it a very difficult target for air strikes.
The US and Israel have refused to rule out attacks on Iranian facilities.
On Monday, a spokeswoman for International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Gill Tudor, said the agency could "confirm that Iran has started the production of uranium enriched up to 20%".
She added that "all nuclear material in the facility remains under the agency's containment and surveillance".
Iran insists enriched uranium is needed to make isotopes to treat cancers. But analysts say 20% enrichment is an important step towards making uranium weapons-grade.
In Washington, state department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland said such a level of enrichment was "a further escalation" of the Iranians' "ongoing violations with regard to their nuclear obligations", and suggested "a different kind of a nuclear programme".
Continue reading the main storyAnalysis
Iran's new facility began in secret. The state may have preferred to keep it that way. But in September 2009 the US, France and the UK publicly revealed its existence - a fact that was subsequently confirmed by Iran.
Since then, the new plant has attracted plenty of both attention and suspicion. It has been built underground and it is heavily fortified. In particular, Iran appears to want to guard against potential air strikes. Military experts suggest that the facility may be able to survive attack from all but the most powerful bombs.
Iranian officials suggest that the new plant is an important step forward for the country's nuclear programme. But it is not yet clear how productive the facility will be. Iran says it hopes to carry out what's known as medium-level uranium enrichment at the plant - uranium enriched to 20%.
Western analysts warn that medium-level enrichment is an important step towards enriching uranium to weapons-grade. But Iran stresses that its nuclear ambitions are entirely peaceful.
In Paris, a statement by the foreign ministry said the Iranian move "leaves us with no other choice but to reinforce international sanctions and to adopt, with our European partners and all willing countries, measures of an intensity and severity without precedent".
British Foreign Secretary William Hague condemned the "provocative act which further undermines Iran's claims that its programme is entirely civilian in nature".
'Falsely accused'Earlier on Monday, Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei insisted Iran would not bow to pressure from the West.
"The Islamic establishment... knows firmly what it is doing and has chosen its path and will stay the course," he said in a speech broadcast on state television.
Tensions have been high since the US imposed new sanctions on Iran's central bank and the European Union said it would place an embargo on Iran's oil exports.
EU foreign ministers are due to meet to approve the embargo later this month.
Iran has threatened to close the Strait of Hormuz - a key route from the Gulf through which 20% of the world's traded oil passes.
Defence Secretary Leon Panetta warned on Sunday that such a move would cross a "red line" and "we would take action and reopen the strait".
Adding to the strains, a court in Tehran on Monday sentenced to death an Iranian-American man accused of being a CIA spy.
Amir Mirzai Hekmati, 28, a former US marine, had been show on state television in December allegedly confessing to being part of a plot to infiltrate Iran's intelligence services for the CIA.
Our correspondent says Iran's judicial and political systems place huge emphasis on the importance of confessions, which are viewed with concern by human rights groups.
Mr Hekmati's family, who live in Arizona, say the charges against him are fabricated and that he was in Iran to visit his grandmothers. The US has demanded his release.
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/int/news/-/news/world-middle-east-16470100
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Tuesday, January 10, 2012
Gulf of Mexico topography played key role in bacterial consumption of Deepwater Horizon spill
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Public release date: 9-Jan-2012[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Cheryl Dybas
cdybas@nsf.gov
703-292-7734
National Science Foundation
Scientists document how geology, biology worked together after oil disaster
When scientist David Valentine and colleagues published results of a study in early 2011 reporting that bacterial blooms had consumed almost all the deepwater methane plumes after the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon oil spill, some were skeptical.
How, they asked the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) geochemist, could almost all the gas emitted disappear?
In new results published this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), Valentine; Igor Mezic, a mechanical engineer at UCSB; and coauthors report that they used an innovative computer model to demonstrate the respective roles of underwater topography, currents and bacteria in the Gulf of Mexico.
This confluence led to the disappearance of methane and other chemicals that spewed from the well after it erupted on April 20, 2010.
The National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the research.
"As scientists continue to peel apart the layers of the Deepwater Horizon microbial story," said Don Rice, director of NSF's chemical oceanography program, "we're learning a great deal about how the ocean's biogeochemical system interacts with petroleum--every day, everywhere, twenty-four/seven. "
The results are an extension of a 2011 study, also funded by NSF, in which Valentine and other researchers explained the role of bacteria in consuming more than 200,000 metric tons of dissolved methane.
"It seemed that we were putting together a lot of pieces," Valentine said. "We would go out, take some samples, and study what was happening in those samples, both during and after the spill.
"There was a transition of the microorganisms and a transition of the biodegradation, and it became clear that we needed to incorporate the movement of the water."
The scientists believed that there was an important component of the physics of the water motion--of where the water went.
Valentine turned to Mezic, who had published results in 2011 forecasting where the oil slick would spread.
"Our work was on the side of: here's where the oil leaked and here's where it went," Mezic said. "We agreed that it would be beautiful if we could put a detailed hydrodynamic model together with a detailed bacterial model."
The resulting computer model has data on the chemical composition of hydrocarbons flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, and is seeded with 52 types of bacteria that consumed the hydrocarbons.
The physical characteristics were based on the U.S. Navy's model of the gulf's ocean currents and on observations of water movements immediately after the spill and for several months after it ended.
The scientists then sought the help of Mezic's former colleagues--engineers at the University of Rijeka in Croatia.
"We needed somebody to build the software," Mezic said. "It was a big task, a mad rush, but they did it.
"The power behind this is a tour de force. A typical study of this kind would take a year, at least. We found a way that led us to answers in three or four months."
The model revealed that one of the key factors in the disappearance of the hydrocarbon plumes was the physical structure of the Gulf of Mexico.
"It's the geography of the gulf," Valentine said. "It's almost like a box canyon. As you go northward, it comes to a head.
"As a result, it's not a river down there; it's more of a bay. And the spill happened in a fairly enclosed area, particularly at the depths where hydrocarbons were dissolving."
When the hydrocarbons were released from the well, bacteria bloomed. In other locations outside the gulf, those blooms would be swept away by prevailing ocean currents.
But in the Gulf of Mexico, they swirled around as if they were in a washing machine, and often circled back over the leaking well, sometimes two or three times.
"What we see is that some of the water that already had been exposed to hydrocarbons at the well and had experienced bacterial blooms, then came back over the well," Valentine said.
"So these waters already had a bacterial community in them, then they got a second input of hydrocarbons."
As the water came back over, he explained, the organisms that had already bloomed and eaten their preferred hydrocarbons immediately attacked and went after certain compounds.
Then they were fed a new influx of hydrocarbons.
"When you have these developed communities coming back over the wellhead, they consume the hydrocarbons much more quickly," Valentine said, "and the bacterial composition and hydrocarbon composition behaves differently. It changes at a different rate than when the waters were first exposed."
The model allowed the scientists to test this hypothesis and to look at some of the factors that had been measured: oxygen deficits and microbial community structure.
"What we found was very good agreement between the two," Valentine said.
"We have about a 70 percent success rate of hitting where those oxygen declines were. It means that not only is the physics model doing a good job of moving the water in the right place, but also that the biology and chemistry results are doing a good job, because you need those to get the oxygen declines. It's really a holistic view of what's going on."
There are valuable lessons to be learned from the study, the scientists believe.
"It tells us that the motion of the water is an important component in determining how rapidly different hydrocarbons are broken down," Valentine said. "It gives us concepts that we can now apply to other situations, if we understand the physics."
Mezic said that this should be a wake-up call for anyone thinking of drilling for oil.
"The general perspective is that we need to pay more attention to where the currents are flowing around the places where we have spills," he said.
"We don't have models for most of those. Why not mandate a model?
"This one worked--three-quarters of the predictions were correct. For almost everything, you can build a model. You build an airplane, you have a model. But you can drill without having a model. It's possible we can predict this. That's what a model is for."
###
The U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Office of Naval Research also supported the research.
In addition to Valentine and Mezic, co-authors of the paper are Senka Macesic, Nelida Crnjaric-Zic, and Stefan Ivic, of the University of Rijeka in Croatia; Patrick J. Hogan of the Naval Research Laboratory; Sophie Loire of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at UCSB; and Vladimir A. Fonoberov of Aimdyn, Inc. of Santa Barbara.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 9-Jan-2012[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Cheryl Dybas
cdybas@nsf.gov
703-292-7734
National Science Foundation
Scientists document how geology, biology worked together after oil disaster
When scientist David Valentine and colleagues published results of a study in early 2011 reporting that bacterial blooms had consumed almost all the deepwater methane plumes after the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon oil spill, some were skeptical.
How, they asked the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) geochemist, could almost all the gas emitted disappear?
In new results published this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), Valentine; Igor Mezic, a mechanical engineer at UCSB; and coauthors report that they used an innovative computer model to demonstrate the respective roles of underwater topography, currents and bacteria in the Gulf of Mexico.
This confluence led to the disappearance of methane and other chemicals that spewed from the well after it erupted on April 20, 2010.
The National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the research.
"As scientists continue to peel apart the layers of the Deepwater Horizon microbial story," said Don Rice, director of NSF's chemical oceanography program, "we're learning a great deal about how the ocean's biogeochemical system interacts with petroleum--every day, everywhere, twenty-four/seven. "
The results are an extension of a 2011 study, also funded by NSF, in which Valentine and other researchers explained the role of bacteria in consuming more than 200,000 metric tons of dissolved methane.
"It seemed that we were putting together a lot of pieces," Valentine said. "We would go out, take some samples, and study what was happening in those samples, both during and after the spill.
"There was a transition of the microorganisms and a transition of the biodegradation, and it became clear that we needed to incorporate the movement of the water."
The scientists believed that there was an important component of the physics of the water motion--of where the water went.
Valentine turned to Mezic, who had published results in 2011 forecasting where the oil slick would spread.
"Our work was on the side of: here's where the oil leaked and here's where it went," Mezic said. "We agreed that it would be beautiful if we could put a detailed hydrodynamic model together with a detailed bacterial model."
The resulting computer model has data on the chemical composition of hydrocarbons flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, and is seeded with 52 types of bacteria that consumed the hydrocarbons.
The physical characteristics were based on the U.S. Navy's model of the gulf's ocean currents and on observations of water movements immediately after the spill and for several months after it ended.
The scientists then sought the help of Mezic's former colleagues--engineers at the University of Rijeka in Croatia.
"We needed somebody to build the software," Mezic said. "It was a big task, a mad rush, but they did it.
"The power behind this is a tour de force. A typical study of this kind would take a year, at least. We found a way that led us to answers in three or four months."
The model revealed that one of the key factors in the disappearance of the hydrocarbon plumes was the physical structure of the Gulf of Mexico.
"It's the geography of the gulf," Valentine said. "It's almost like a box canyon. As you go northward, it comes to a head.
"As a result, it's not a river down there; it's more of a bay. And the spill happened in a fairly enclosed area, particularly at the depths where hydrocarbons were dissolving."
When the hydrocarbons were released from the well, bacteria bloomed. In other locations outside the gulf, those blooms would be swept away by prevailing ocean currents.
But in the Gulf of Mexico, they swirled around as if they were in a washing machine, and often circled back over the leaking well, sometimes two or three times.
"What we see is that some of the water that already had been exposed to hydrocarbons at the well and had experienced bacterial blooms, then came back over the well," Valentine said.
"So these waters already had a bacterial community in them, then they got a second input of hydrocarbons."
As the water came back over, he explained, the organisms that had already bloomed and eaten their preferred hydrocarbons immediately attacked and went after certain compounds.
Then they were fed a new influx of hydrocarbons.
"When you have these developed communities coming back over the wellhead, they consume the hydrocarbons much more quickly," Valentine said, "and the bacterial composition and hydrocarbon composition behaves differently. It changes at a different rate than when the waters were first exposed."
The model allowed the scientists to test this hypothesis and to look at some of the factors that had been measured: oxygen deficits and microbial community structure.
"What we found was very good agreement between the two," Valentine said.
"We have about a 70 percent success rate of hitting where those oxygen declines were. It means that not only is the physics model doing a good job of moving the water in the right place, but also that the biology and chemistry results are doing a good job, because you need those to get the oxygen declines. It's really a holistic view of what's going on."
There are valuable lessons to be learned from the study, the scientists believe.
"It tells us that the motion of the water is an important component in determining how rapidly different hydrocarbons are broken down," Valentine said. "It gives us concepts that we can now apply to other situations, if we understand the physics."
Mezic said that this should be a wake-up call for anyone thinking of drilling for oil.
"The general perspective is that we need to pay more attention to where the currents are flowing around the places where we have spills," he said.
"We don't have models for most of those. Why not mandate a model?
"This one worked--three-quarters of the predictions were correct. For almost everything, you can build a model. You build an airplane, you have a model. But you can drill without having a model. It's possible we can predict this. That's what a model is for."
###
The U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Office of Naval Research also supported the research.
In addition to Valentine and Mezic, co-authors of the paper are Senka Macesic, Nelida Crnjaric-Zic, and Stefan Ivic, of the University of Rijeka in Croatia; Patrick J. Hogan of the Naval Research Laboratory; Sophie Loire of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at UCSB; and Vladimir A. Fonoberov of Aimdyn, Inc. of Santa Barbara.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-01/nsf-gom010912.php
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Monday, January 9, 2012
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Amnesty warns over continuing repression in Middle East and North Africa
[unable to retrieve full-text content]
Source: current.com --- Monday, January 09, 2012
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Sunday, January 8, 2012
Angry India Kills Goodwill Military Mission to China
India has canceled a military delegation visit to China on a ?confidence building? tour after Chinese authorities refused to give a visa to one member of the delegation.? The rejected officer is a native of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India; China claims that most of the territory in question is part of southern Tibet.
The ability of disputes like this one to disrupt relations between the two Asian giants is cause for concern.? Both countries are likely to become more nationalist and assertive in coming years; governments will not want to antagonize nationalist opinion and risk angry press and internet criticism if they are seen as acting ?soft?.
If the US goal in the region was to isolate and contain China, such incidents might be welcome. But the US prefers the development of a peaceful and integrated Asian system to an angry standoff or a new cold war. Good relations between Japan, India and China are good for the United States; border disputes between nuclear powers are never good news.
Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/WalterRussellMead/~3/VoHCBti7YcE/
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Cancer drugs help the hardest cases of Pompe disease
To date there has been no success in eliminating or suppressing this immune response.
Now research led by Duke University Medical Center, with collaborators at other centers, has resulted in successful enzyme replacement therapy for children who were predicted to have or who had the immune reaction blocking the effects of the enzyme therapy. In the past, children with this immune response died despite treatment.
In an article appearing in Genetics in Medicine, the researchers showed that a very low-dose combination of medicines typically used to treat cancer was successful in eliminating or preventing the immune response.
The drugs were rituximab, methotrexate and gammaglobulins ? a mix of chemotherapeutic drugs and drugs to support the immune system. These drugs were the right mix for children who had Pompe, and who were most likely weren't going to benefit from the enzyme treatment because of their anti-GAA immune response.
"The goal is to get the new combination therapy to the child who is at risk of rejecting the enzyme, before or at the time the enzyme (recombinant human GAA (rhGAA), known as Myozyme) is infused," said senior author Priya Kishnani, M.D., professor of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics at Duke. "If you can get this combination to people early, before they are infused with the enzyme, they will likely have a very good response to the enzyme treatment. Once the body has been exposed to the enzyme treatment, the babies at risk are likely to mount an immune response that blocks the effectiveness of the infused enzyme."
The group at Duke earlier showed the role of the immune response in children with Pompe disease. Once this response occurred, children who were previously doing well failed to benefit from treatment and died.
The researchers in the current study, spread out in centers at Children's Hospitals & Clinics of Minnesota, Medical College of Wisconsin/Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Sorka Medical Center in Israel and the Evelina Children's Hospital in London, worked together to treat the at-risk babies with the chemotherapy medicines at the time enzyme treatment started or shortly thereafter.
The team at Duke used genetic sequencing to identify the children at risk of enzyme-treatment failure. The experience of the Duke group allowed for identification of these cases early.
Senior author Kishnani said the stakes of failure are very high. "Until now, children with Pompe who make antibodies to the enzyme treatment die or are placed on invasive ventilation by age 27 months," she said. "It is very difficult for families, because some children who initially showed a benefit and were able to walk then started failing once the immune response occurred. It is heartbreaking to watch, not only for family members, but also for the team that cares for the children."
The study examined four children, two who had Pompe and had never been treated and two who were treated, but were failing.
"We have made a difference in the lives of four patients at medical centers around the world," Kishnani said. "All of them have achieved new motor abilities, in distinct contrast with the relentless downhill course of patients who were unable to tolerate the enzyme therapy and would otherwise have died." Some of these children have now been doing well for a number of years, Kishnani said.
Provided by Duke University Medical Center (news : web)
Source: http://www.physorg.com/news245006772.html
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